Parkinson’s disease (PD): advanced features
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Parkinson’s disease (PD): advanced features. Motor fluctuations, Dyskinesias, Postural problems. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Motor and gait features
- Motor fluctuations
- Dyskinesias
- Postural problems
- Instability and falls
- Limited mobility
- Freezing
- Wheelchair-dependence: this occurs within 14 years in two-thirds of cases
Bulbar features
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Sleep disorders
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Autonomic features
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Psychiatric features
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Drug-related features
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Risk factors for early progression of PD
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References
- Kulisevskey J, Luquin MR, Arbelo JM, et al. Advanced Parkinson's disease: clinical characteristics and treatment (part 1). Neurologia 2013; 28:503-521.
- Varanese S, Birnbaum Z, Rossi R, Di Rocco A. Treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2011; 2010:480260.
- Benke T, Hohenstein C, Poewe W, Butterworth B. Repetitive speech phenomena in Parkinson’s disease. JNNP 2000; 69:319–325.
