Paroxysmal dyskinesias: types

Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .

Paroxysmal dyskinesias: types. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD). Fully referenced neurology checklist.

Major types

  • Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD)
  • Paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD)
  • Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED)
  • Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia
  • Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy

Other genetic types

Locked: subscribe to see this section.

Varaints

Locked: subscribe to see this section.

References

  1. Unterberger I, Trinka E. Diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal dyskinesia revisited. Ther Adv Neurol Dis 2008; 1:67-74.
  2. Münchau A, Valente EM, Shahidi GA, et al. A new family with paroxysmal exercise induced dystonia and migraine: a clinical and genetic study. JNNP 2000; 68:609–614.
  3. Gardiner AR, Jaffer F, Dale RC, et al. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity of paroxysmal dyskinesias. Brain 2015; 138:3567-3580.
  4. Erro R, Sheerin UM, Bhatia KP. Paroxysmal dyskinesias revisited: a review of 500 genetically proven cases and a new classification. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1108-1116.
  5. Groffen AJ, Klapwijk T, van Rootselaar AF, Groen JL, Tijssen MA. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in sporadic and familial forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia. J Neurol 2013; 260:93-99.
  6. And 4 more. Subscribe to see the full list

Related checklists

Loading...