Diaphragmatic paralysis: neurological causes
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Diaphragmatic paralysis: neurological causes. C1-C2 root lesions: these cause complete diaphragmatic paralysis. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Radiculopathies
- C1-C2 root lesions: these cause complete diaphragmatic paralysis
- C3-C5 root lesions: these cause partial diaphragmatic paralysis
Spinal cord disorders
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Anterior horn cell (AHC) disorders
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Neuropathic causes
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Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders
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Muscle causes
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References
- McCool FD, Tzelepis GE. Dysfunction of the diaphragm. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:932-942.
- Gibson GJ. Diaphragmatic paresis: pathophysiology, clinical features, and investigation. Thorax 1989; 44:960-970.
- Crausman RS, Summerhill EM, McFool FD. Idiopathic diaphragmatic paralysis: Bell's palsy of the diaphragm. Lung 2009; 187:153-157.
- Matsumoto H, Nakayama T, Hamaguchi H, et al. Diaphragmatic paralysis in a patient with spinal cord infarction. Intern Med 2009; 48:1763-1766.
- Billings ME, Aitken ML, Benditt JO. Bilateral diaphragm paralysis: a challenging diagnosis. Respiratory Care 2008; 53:1368-1371.
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