Multiple sclerosis (MS): non-modifiable risk factors
Evidence-based neurology checklist on multiple sclerosis (ms): non-modifiable risk factors: Familial history A first-degree family history is present in 7% of cases A second-degree family history is found in about 15% of cases Genetic risk factors Ethnicity Age-related risk factors Month of birth…
Familial history
- A first-degree family history is present in 7% of cases
- A second-degree family history is found in about 15% of cases
Genetic risk factors
Ethnicity
Age-related risk factors
Month of birth
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCVI)
References
- Ramagopalan SV, Dobson R, Meier UC, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:727–739.
- Hedström AK, Olsson T, Alfredsson L. Family history of multiple sclerosis and long-term outcomes. J Neurol 2026; 273:622.
- Dyment DA, Cader MZ, Chao MJ, et al. Exome sequencing identifies a novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility variant in the TYK2 gene. Neurology 2012; 79:406-411.
- Ban M, Goris A, Lorentzen AR, et al. Replication analysis identifies TYK2 as a multiple sclerosis susceptibility factor. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1309-1313.
- Mero IL, Lorentzen AR, Ban M, et al. A rare variant of the TYK2 gene is confirmed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:502-504.
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Related checklists
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- Multiple sclerosis (MS): systemic features
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- Multiple sclerosis (MS): differential diagnosis
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- Multiple sclerosis (MS): poor prognostic factors
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