Multiple sclerosis (MS): poor prognostic factors
Written and reviewed by Dr Ibrahim Imam, Consultant Neurologist. Last reviewed .
Multiple sclerosis (MS): poor prognostic factors. LLRP2 variant, MBP variant, ApoE4 variant. Fully referenced neurology checklist.
Genetic factors
- LLRP2 variant
- MBP variant
- ApoE4 variant
Lifestyle factors
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Late-onset relapsing remitting MS (LORRMS)
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Other comorbid factors
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Environmental factors
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Radiological factors
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Serum factors
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) factors
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Optical coherence tomography (OCT) factors
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Factors not associated with poor prognosis
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Factors associated with better prognosis
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References
- Hilven K, Vandebergh M, Smets I, Mallants K, Goris A, Dubois B. Genetic basis for relapse rate in multiple sclerosis: association with LRP2 genetic variation. Mult Scler 2018; 24:1773-1775.
- Zhou Y, Graves JS, Simpson S Jr, et al; Ausimmmune/AusLong investigators group. Genetic variation in the gene LRP2 increases relapse risk in multiple sclerosis. JNNP 2017; 88:864-868.
- Zhou Y, Simpson S Jr, Charlesworth JC, van der Mei I, Lucas RM, Ponsonby AL; AUSLONG Investigators Group, Taylor BV. Variation within MBP gene predicts disease course in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00670.
- Portaccio E, Aprea MG, De Meo E, et al. Relapse-associated worsening in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers with relapsing multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2026; 97:774-779.
- Hempel S, Graham GD, Fu N, et al. A systematic review of the effects of modifiable risk factor interventions on the progression of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 23:513-524.
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Related checklists
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): classification
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): revised McDonald diagnostic criteria
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): non-modifiable risk factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): modifiable risk factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): protective factors
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): typical neurological features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): other neurological features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): systemic features
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): paroxysmal attacks
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): seizures
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): differential diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): clinical red flags against diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): laboratory red flags against diagnosis
- Multiple sclerosis (MS): smouldering associated worsening
